Anatomy and ontogenesis of hymenopteran leaf galls of Struthanthus vulgaris Mart. (Loranthaceae)

نویسندگان

  • JANE E. KRAUS
  • MARCOS ARDUIN
  • MARGARIDA VENTURELLI
چکیده

(Anatomy and ontogenesis of hymenopteran leaf galls of Struthanthus vulgaris Mart. (Loranthaceae)). Leaves of Struthanthus vulgaris Mart. (Loranthaceae) exhibit galls induced by a Hymenoptera. These galls pass through five developmental stages. In the first stage, a small brown swelling is observed on the surface of the leaf. Internally, the chlorenchyma cells around the eggs of the gall-makers are divided. In the second stage, the gall enlarges and its surface assumes a wavy appearance with a depressed region in its center. Within this depression, an incompletely divided gall chamber with embryos is observed. Neoformed parenchyma is present around the chamber and the secondary walls of fibers and sclereids are no longer observed. The vascular parenchyma shows hyperplasia. In the third stage, the gall grows larger and adopts an ellipsoidal shape. Fissures appear on the gall epidermis and the neoformed parenchyma is conspicuous, with a cortical and a medullar region. In the medullar region, each gall chamber, with one inducer in larval phase, is lined with 1-2 layers of nutritive tissue. The gall is larger still at the fourth stage of development and a periderm coats most of the gall. New vascular bundles, sclereids, and fibers are formed. The gall-makers are in advanced larval phase and no nutritive tissue cells are observed. In the fifth stage, the gall reaches its definitive size and the inducers are in the pupa phase. At this stage, the cortical region undergoes slight hypertrophy. The senescent gall shows the orifices of the exit channel made by the adult gall-makers. The anatomical studies of the hymenopteran gall enabled to compare this gall with a dipteran one, previously discribed in the same plant host. It is suggested that during the maturation of the gall, specific key processes are triggered, which bring about a specific cecidogenesis. RESUMO – (Anatomia e ontogenia de galhas foliares de Struthanthus vulgaris Mart. (Loranthaceae) causadas por himenóptero). Em folhas de Struthanthus vulgaris Mart. (Loranthaceae) foram observadas galhas induzidas por um Hymenoptera. Essas galhas apresentam cinco estágios de desenvolvimento. No primeiro estágio de desenvolvimento a galha é evidenciada como uma pequena protuberância de cor castanha na superfície da folha. Internamente ao redor dos ovos nota-se a presença de células do clorênquima divididas. No segundo estágio, a galha aumenta em tamanho e sua superfície mostra-se ondulada, com uma depressão na região central. Internamente, na região da depressão observa-se uma câmara larval incompletamente dividida, onde estão os embriões. Ao redor da câmara está presente um parênquima neoformado e as fibras e esclereídes perdem as paredes secundárias. No parênquima vascular também ocorre hiperplasia. No terceiro estágio, a galha aumenta em tamanho, assumindo um formato elipsoidal. A epiderme apresenta-se com fissuras e o parênquima neoformado é mais evidente, com uma região cortical e outra medular. Nesta, cada câmara contém um indutor em fase larval e é revestida por uma ou duas camadas de tecido nutritivo. No quarto estágio, a galha é ainda maior, sendo revestida em sua maior parte por periderme. Novos feixes vasculares, esclereídes e fibras são formados. Os indutores estão em fase larval avançada e o tecido nutritivo não é mais observado. No quinto estágio de desenvolvimento, a galha atinge o tamanho definitivo e os indutores estão em fase pupal. As células da região cortical apresentam-se ligeiramente hipertrofiadas. As galhas senescentes mostram os orifícios resultantes dos canais de emergência, feitos pelos indutores adultos. Os estudos anatômicos da galha induzida por himenóptero possibilitaram uma análise comparativa do desenvolvimento desta com outra causada por um diptero previamente descrita na mesma planta hospedeira. Sugere-se que durante a maturação da galha, processos chaves específicos são desencadeados possibilitando uma cecidogênese específica.

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تاریخ انتشار 2003